Cytology

Cytology is a preventive test that detects cancer and pre-cancerous conditions of the cervix. It involves taking smears with a special brush from the cervix and analysing them under a microscope. The examination enables early diagnosis of epithelial cell changes ranging from harmless to cancerous. With early diagnosis, the patient has a better chance of successful treatment. Approximately 1.5-2% results require further diagnosis. Optimal performance is around day 10 of the cycle, after menstruation, without the use of vaginal preparations. Find out how to properly prepare for the test.

Highlights

  • Cytology detects cancer and pre-cancerous conditions of the cervix by taking smears with a special brush and analysing the cells under a microscope.
  • Approximately 1.5-2% cytological smears show abnormalities requiring further diagnostic procedures.
  • The test should be performed 2 days after your period, but no later than 14 days before your next period - optimally around day 10 of your cycle.
  • No intercourse or use of vaginal preparations, lubes or spermicides is allowed for 2 days prior to the examination.

What is a cytological examination?

A cytological examination is performed as part of cancer prevention. Cytology involves inserting a special smear brush into the vaginal part of the cervix and taking swabs, which are then examined under a microscope. 

The smear analysis allows the detection of epithelial cell changes - some of which are harmless, but sometimes the examination reveals the presence of cancer cells. Then, with early diagnosis, the patient has a better chance of receiving effective treatment and recovering.

Approximately 1.5% to 2% cytological smears present abnormalities requiring further diagnostic procedures.

When to have a cytology?

It is recommended that the cytological examination be carried out in the first phase of the cycle, at least two days after the end of menstruation, but no later than 14 days before the next bleeding period. Optimally, cytology is taken around day 10 of the cycle. Do not have intercourse or use vaginal preparations, lubes or spermicides in the two days preceding the cervical smear.

Cytology at Invimed

You can have a cytological examination at any Invimed clinic. In Warsaw, Wrocław, Poznań and Katowice you do not have to make an appointment for the test. In Gdynia, the collection of material for the examination is performed during a visit to a gynaecologist.

  • WarsawMonday to Friday 10:00 to 18:00

  • WrocÅ‚awduring opening hours of the collection centre

  • Poznan: during the collection centre's opening hours (you can find the schedule of the collection centre on the website: Invimed PoznaÅ„)

  • Katowice: during collection centre opening hours

  • Gdynia: During a visit to the gynaecologist, the material for the test is taken by the doctor. To make an appointment for a cytological examination, contact us (tel. 500 900 888).

Frequently asked questions - FAQ

Does cytology hurt and how long does the test take?

The cytological examination is virtually painless - it may only cause mild discomfort. It lasts about 2-3 minutes and does not require anaesthesia. There may be some minor spotting after the examination, which is normal.

How often should I have a cytology?

Women aged 25-64 years should have a cytology every 3 years if previous results were normal. The frequency can be higher if the results are abnormal or at increased risk.

Can a cytology be performed while taking hormonal contraception?

Yes, hormonal contraception is not a contraindication to cytology. However, you should inform your doctor about the preparations you are taking, as hormones can affect the cytological picture.

What do abnormal cytology results mean?

An abnormal result does not automatically mean cancer. It may indicate inflammation, infection or precancerous changes. It requires further diagnosis, usually colposcopy or repeat cytology.

Can a cytology be performed during an intimate infection?

It is not recommended to perform cytology during an active infection, as this can distort the results. The infection should be treated first and the test should be performed about a week after treatment has ended.

Bręborowicz, G. H. (Ed.). (2020). Położnictwo i ginekologia Volume 1-2 (3rd ed.). Warsaw: PZWL Wydawnictwo Lekarskie. ISBN: 978-83-200-6229-8.

Ministry of Health. (2023). Cervical cancer prevention programme (cytology). https://www.gov.pl/web/zdrowie/program-profilaktyki-raka-szyjki-macicy-cytologia-

Polskie Towarzystwo Ginekologiczne. (2020). Rekomendacje dotyczące pobierania rozmazów cytologicznych w standardzie postępowania w gabinetach ginekologicznych. https://www.rovers.pl/post/rekomendacje-polskiego-towarzystwa-ginekologicznego-pobieranie-rozmaz%C3%B3w-cytologicznych-zalecenia

National Health Fund. (2025). Cervical cancer prevention. https://pacjent.gov.pl/program-profilaktyczny/profilaktyka-raka-szyjki-macicy

The medical information presented should be considered as general guidelines and does not replace the individual judgement of the doctor regarding the medical management of each patient. The doctor, after a thorough examination of the patient's condition, determines the extent and frequency of diagnostic tests and/or therapeutic procedures, taking into account specific medical indications. All medical decisions are made in full consultation with the patient.

Author of the article

Invimed editorial team - we serve patients by solving their fertility problems. We use world medical knowledge, state-of-the-art technology and treatment methods. We are here to make dreams of parenthood come true. The smiles on the faces of happy parents give meaning to our work.

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